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40) Republic Day 2020 Parade FEATURES: Colourful tableaux, daredevilry, armed service might on display

India Republic Day -- The indian subcontinent Republic Day 2020 Attend, Flag Hosting HIGHLIGHTS: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid for his tributes to martyrs by laying a wreath at the National War Memorial service in the presence of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, the 3 service chiefs and Primary of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat. India Republic Time Parade 2020, Flag Internet hosting HIGHLIGHTS: India is remembering its 70th Republic Time Today. The celebration from Rajpath started with Prime Minister Narendra Modi having to pay homage to the fallen soldiers at the newly-built National Conflict Memorial on the Republic Time for the first time instead of the Amar Jawan Jyoti beneath the India Door arch. This was followed by Director Ram Nath Kovind unfurling the tricolour. The celebration marks the day when India’s Constitution came into effect, and the country became a republic. Heavylift helicopter Chinook along with attack helicopter Apache, both equally recently inducted in the Ame...
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HIV/AIDS

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Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. If the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are otherwise rare in people who have normal immune function. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastf...
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Signs and symptoms

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There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. Acute infection The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Many individuals develop an influenza-like illness or a mononucleosis-like illness 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include fever, large tender lymph nodes, throat inflammation, a rash, headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals. The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular, classically. Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea may occur. Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain–Barré syndrome also occurs. The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks. Owing to their nonspecific character, these symp...
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Transmission

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Average per act risk of getting HIV by exposure route to an infected source Exposure route Chance of infection Blood transfusion 90% Childbirth (to child) 25% clarification needed Needle-sharing injection drug use 0.67% Percutaneous needle stick 0.30% Receptive anal intercourse* 0.04–3.0% Insertive anal intercourse* 0.03% Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse* 0.05–0.30% Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse* 0.01–0.38% Receptive oral intercourse*§ 0–0.04% Insertive oral intercourse*§ 0–0.005% * assuming no condom use § source refers to oral intercourse performed on a man HIV is spread by three main routes: sexual contact, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as vertical transmission). There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood. It is also...
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Virology

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HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells. HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus , part of the family Retroviridae . Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and ...
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Pathophysiology

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After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. The acute viremia is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus. Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot figh...
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Diagnosis

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Days after exposure needed for the test to be accurate Blood test Days Antibody test (rapid test, ELISA 3rd gen) 23–90 Antibody and p24 antigen test (ELISA 4th gen) 18–45 PCR 10–33 HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms. HIV screening is recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women. Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness. In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent. HIV testing Most people infected with HIV develop specific antibodies (i.e. seroconvert) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection. Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-RNA or p2...
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